Integrand size = 18, antiderivative size = 263 \[ \int \frac {-1+\sqrt {3}+x}{\sqrt {-1+x^3}} \, dx=-\frac {2 \sqrt {-1+x^3}}{1-\sqrt {3}-x}+\frac {\sqrt [4]{3} \sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} (1-x) \sqrt {\frac {1+x+x^2}{\left (1-\sqrt {3}-x\right )^2}} E\left (\arcsin \left (\frac {1+\sqrt {3}-x}{1-\sqrt {3}-x}\right )|-7+4 \sqrt {3}\right )}{\sqrt {-\frac {1-x}{\left (1-\sqrt {3}-x\right )^2}} \sqrt {-1+x^3}}-\frac {4 \sqrt [4]{3} \sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} (1-x) \sqrt {\frac {1+x+x^2}{\left (1-\sqrt {3}-x\right )^2}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\arcsin \left (\frac {1+\sqrt {3}-x}{1-\sqrt {3}-x}\right ),-7+4 \sqrt {3}\right )}{\sqrt {-\frac {1-x}{\left (1-\sqrt {3}-x\right )^2}} \sqrt {-1+x^3}} \]
-2*(x^3-1)^(1/2)/(1-x-3^(1/2))-4*3^(1/4)*(1-x)*EllipticF((1-x+3^(1/2))/(1- x-3^(1/2)),2*I-I*3^(1/2))*(1/2*6^(1/2)-1/2*2^(1/2))*((x^2+x+1)/(1-x-3^(1/2 ))^2)^(1/2)/(x^3-1)^(1/2)/((-1+x)/(1-x-3^(1/2))^2)^(1/2)+3^(1/4)*(1-x)*Ell ipticE((1-x+3^(1/2))/(1-x-3^(1/2)),2*I-I*3^(1/2))*((x^2+x+1)/(1-x-3^(1/2)) ^2)^(1/2)*(1/2*6^(1/2)+1/2*2^(1/2))/(x^3-1)^(1/2)/((-1+x)/(1-x-3^(1/2))^2) ^(1/2)
Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 5 vs. order 4 in optimal.
Time = 10.02 (sec) , antiderivative size = 63, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.24 \[ \int \frac {-1+\sqrt {3}+x}{\sqrt {-1+x^3}} \, dx=\frac {x \sqrt {1-x^3} \left (2 \left (-1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \operatorname {Hypergeometric2F1}\left (\frac {1}{3},\frac {1}{2},\frac {4}{3},x^3\right )+x \operatorname {Hypergeometric2F1}\left (\frac {1}{2},\frac {2}{3},\frac {5}{3},x^3\right )\right )}{2 \sqrt {-1+x^3}} \]
(x*Sqrt[1 - x^3]*(2*(-1 + Sqrt[3])*Hypergeometric2F1[1/3, 1/2, 4/3, x^3] + x*Hypergeometric2F1[1/2, 2/3, 5/3, x^3]))/(2*Sqrt[-1 + x^3])
Time = 0.34 (sec) , antiderivative size = 263, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 3, number of rules used = 3, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.167, Rules used = {2419, 760, 2418}
Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.
| \(\displaystyle \int \frac {x+\sqrt {3}-1}{\sqrt {x^3-1}} \, dx\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 2419 |
| \(\displaystyle 2 \sqrt {3} \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {x^3-1}}dx-\int \frac {-x+\sqrt {3}+1}{\sqrt {x^3-1}}dx\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 760 |
| \(\displaystyle -\int \frac {-x+\sqrt {3}+1}{\sqrt {x^3-1}}dx-\frac {4 \sqrt [4]{3} \sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} (1-x) \sqrt {\frac {x^2+x+1}{\left (-x-\sqrt {3}+1\right )^2}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\arcsin \left (\frac {-x+\sqrt {3}+1}{-x-\sqrt {3}+1}\right ),-7+4 \sqrt {3}\right )}{\sqrt {-\frac {1-x}{\left (-x-\sqrt {3}+1\right )^2}} \sqrt {x^3-1}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 2418 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {4 \sqrt [4]{3} \sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} (1-x) \sqrt {\frac {x^2+x+1}{\left (-x-\sqrt {3}+1\right )^2}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\arcsin \left (\frac {-x+\sqrt {3}+1}{-x-\sqrt {3}+1}\right ),-7+4 \sqrt {3}\right )}{\sqrt {-\frac {1-x}{\left (-x-\sqrt {3}+1\right )^2}} \sqrt {x^3-1}}+\frac {\sqrt [4]{3} \sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} (1-x) \sqrt {\frac {x^2+x+1}{\left (-x-\sqrt {3}+1\right )^2}} E\left (\arcsin \left (\frac {-x+\sqrt {3}+1}{-x-\sqrt {3}+1}\right )|-7+4 \sqrt {3}\right )}{\sqrt {-\frac {1-x}{\left (-x-\sqrt {3}+1\right )^2}} \sqrt {x^3-1}}-\frac {2 \sqrt {x^3-1}}{-x-\sqrt {3}+1}\) |
(-2*Sqrt[-1 + x^3])/(1 - Sqrt[3] - x) + (3^(1/4)*Sqrt[2 + Sqrt[3]]*(1 - x) *Sqrt[(1 + x + x^2)/(1 - Sqrt[3] - x)^2]*EllipticE[ArcSin[(1 + Sqrt[3] - x )/(1 - Sqrt[3] - x)], -7 + 4*Sqrt[3]])/(Sqrt[-((1 - x)/(1 - Sqrt[3] - x)^2 )]*Sqrt[-1 + x^3]) - (4*3^(1/4)*Sqrt[2 - Sqrt[3]]*(1 - x)*Sqrt[(1 + x + x^ 2)/(1 - Sqrt[3] - x)^2]*EllipticF[ArcSin[(1 + Sqrt[3] - x)/(1 - Sqrt[3] - x)], -7 + 4*Sqrt[3]])/(Sqrt[-((1 - x)/(1 - Sqrt[3] - x)^2)]*Sqrt[-1 + x^3] )
3.1.97.3.1 Defintions of rubi rules used
Int[1/Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^3], x_Symbol] :> With[{r = Numer[Rt[b/a, 3]], s = Denom[Rt[b/a, 3]]}, Simp[2*Sqrt[2 - Sqrt[3]]*(s + r*x)*(Sqrt[(s^2 - r*s *x + r^2*x^2)/((1 - Sqrt[3])*s + r*x)^2]/(3^(1/4)*r*Sqrt[a + b*x^3]*Sqrt[(- s)*((s + r*x)/((1 - Sqrt[3])*s + r*x)^2)]))*EllipticF[ArcSin[((1 + Sqrt[3]) *s + r*x)/((1 - Sqrt[3])*s + r*x)], -7 + 4*Sqrt[3]], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x ] && NegQ[a]
Int[((c_) + (d_.)*(x_))/Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^3], x_Symbol] :> With[{r = N umer[Simplify[(1 + Sqrt[3])*(d/c)]], s = Denom[Simplify[(1 + Sqrt[3])*(d/c) ]]}, Simp[2*d*s^3*(Sqrt[a + b*x^3]/(a*r^2*((1 - Sqrt[3])*s + r*x))), x] + S imp[3^(1/4)*Sqrt[2 + Sqrt[3]]*d*s*(s + r*x)*(Sqrt[(s^2 - r*s*x + r^2*x^2)/( (1 - Sqrt[3])*s + r*x)^2]/(r^2*Sqrt[a + b*x^3]*Sqrt[(-s)*((s + r*x)/((1 - S qrt[3])*s + r*x)^2)]))*EllipticE[ArcSin[((1 + Sqrt[3])*s + r*x)/((1 - Sqrt[ 3])*s + r*x)], -7 + 4*Sqrt[3]], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d}, x] && NegQ[a] && EqQ[b*c^3 - 2*(5 + 3*Sqrt[3])*a*d^3, 0]
Int[((c_) + (d_.)*(x_))/Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^3], x_Symbol] :> With[{r = N umer[Rt[b/a, 3]], s = Denom[Rt[b/a, 3]]}, Simp[(c*r - (1 + Sqrt[3])*d*s)/r Int[1/Sqrt[a + b*x^3], x], x] + Simp[d/r Int[((1 + Sqrt[3])*s + r*x)/Sq rt[a + b*x^3], x], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d}, x] && NegQ[a] && NeQ[b*c^3 - 2*(5 + 3*Sqrt[3])*a*d^3, 0]
Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 4.
Time = 1.68 (sec) , antiderivative size = 96, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.37
| method | result | size |
| meijerg | \(-\frac {\sqrt {-\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{3}-1\right )}\, x {}_{2}^{}{\moversetsp {}{\mundersetsp {}{F_{1}^{}}}}\left (\frac {1}{3},\frac {1}{2};\frac {4}{3};x^{3}\right )}{\sqrt {\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{3}-1\right )}}+\frac {\sqrt {-\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{3}-1\right )}\, x^{2} {}_{2}^{}{\moversetsp {}{\mundersetsp {}{F_{1}^{}}}}\left (\frac {1}{2},\frac {2}{3};\frac {5}{3};x^{3}\right )}{2 \sqrt {\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{3}-1\right )}}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \sqrt {-\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{3}-1\right )}\, x {}_{2}^{}{\moversetsp {}{\mundersetsp {}{F_{1}^{}}}}\left (\frac {1}{3},\frac {1}{2};\frac {4}{3};x^{3}\right )}{\sqrt {\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{3}-1\right )}}\) | \(96\) |
| elliptic | \(\frac {2 \left (\sqrt {3}-1\right ) \left (-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \sqrt {\frac {x +\frac {1}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \sqrt {\frac {x +\frac {1}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, F\left (\sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}, \sqrt {\frac {\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\right )}{\sqrt {x^{3}-1}}+\frac {2 \left (-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \sqrt {\frac {x +\frac {1}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \sqrt {\frac {x +\frac {1}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \left (\left (\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}\right ) E\left (\sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}, \sqrt {\frac {\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\right )+\left (-\frac {1}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}\right ) F\left (\sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}, \sqrt {\frac {\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {x^{3}-1}}\) | \(294\) |
| default | \(-\frac {2 \left (-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \sqrt {\frac {x +\frac {1}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \sqrt {\frac {x +\frac {1}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, F\left (\sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}, \sqrt {\frac {\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\right )}{\sqrt {x^{3}-1}}+\frac {2 \left (-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \sqrt {\frac {x +\frac {1}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \sqrt {\frac {x +\frac {1}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \left (\left (\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}\right ) E\left (\sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}, \sqrt {\frac {\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\right )+\left (-\frac {1}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}\right ) F\left (\sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}, \sqrt {\frac {\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {x^{3}-1}}+\frac {2 \sqrt {3}\, \left (-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \sqrt {\frac {x +\frac {1}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, \sqrt {\frac {x +\frac {1}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\, F\left (\sqrt {\frac {-1+x}{-\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}, \sqrt {\frac {\frac {3}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}}}\right )}{\sqrt {x^{3}-1}}\) | \(407\) |
-1/signum(x^3-1)^(1/2)*(-signum(x^3-1))^(1/2)*x*hypergeom([1/3,1/2],[4/3], x^3)+1/2/signum(x^3-1)^(1/2)*(-signum(x^3-1))^(1/2)*x^2*hypergeom([1/2,2/3 ],[5/3],x^3)+3^(1/2)/signum(x^3-1)^(1/2)*(-signum(x^3-1))^(1/2)*x*hypergeo m([1/3,1/2],[4/3],x^3)
Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 4.
Time = 0.14 (sec) , antiderivative size = 21, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.08 \[ \int \frac {-1+\sqrt {3}+x}{\sqrt {-1+x^3}} \, dx=2 \, {\left (\sqrt {3} - 1\right )} {\rm weierstrassPInverse}\left (0, 4, x\right ) - 2 \, {\rm weierstrassZeta}\left (0, 4, {\rm weierstrassPInverse}\left (0, 4, x\right )\right ) \]
2*(sqrt(3) - 1)*weierstrassPInverse(0, 4, x) - 2*weierstrassZeta(0, 4, wei erstrassPInverse(0, 4, x))
Time = 0.93 (sec) , antiderivative size = 82, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.31 \[ \int \frac {-1+\sqrt {3}+x}{\sqrt {-1+x^3}} \, dx=- \frac {i x^{2} \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right ) {{}_{2}F_{1}\left (\begin {matrix} \frac {1}{2}, \frac {2}{3} \\ \frac {5}{3} \end {matrix}\middle | {x^{3}} \right )}}{3 \Gamma \left (\frac {5}{3}\right )} - \frac {\sqrt {3} i x \Gamma \left (\frac {1}{3}\right ) {{}_{2}F_{1}\left (\begin {matrix} \frac {1}{3}, \frac {1}{2} \\ \frac {4}{3} \end {matrix}\middle | {x^{3}} \right )}}{3 \Gamma \left (\frac {4}{3}\right )} + \frac {i x \Gamma \left (\frac {1}{3}\right ) {{}_{2}F_{1}\left (\begin {matrix} \frac {1}{3}, \frac {1}{2} \\ \frac {4}{3} \end {matrix}\middle | {x^{3}} \right )}}{3 \Gamma \left (\frac {4}{3}\right )} \]
-I*x**2*gamma(2/3)*hyper((1/2, 2/3), (5/3,), x**3)/(3*gamma(5/3)) - sqrt(3 )*I*x*gamma(1/3)*hyper((1/3, 1/2), (4/3,), x**3)/(3*gamma(4/3)) + I*x*gamm a(1/3)*hyper((1/3, 1/2), (4/3,), x**3)/(3*gamma(4/3))
\[ \int \frac {-1+\sqrt {3}+x}{\sqrt {-1+x^3}} \, dx=\int { \frac {x + \sqrt {3} - 1}{\sqrt {x^{3} - 1}} \,d x } \]
\[ \int \frac {-1+\sqrt {3}+x}{\sqrt {-1+x^3}} \, dx=\int { \frac {x + \sqrt {3} - 1}{\sqrt {x^{3} - 1}} \,d x } \]
Time = 9.17 (sec) , antiderivative size = 326, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.24 \[ \int \frac {-1+\sqrt {3}+x}{\sqrt {-1+x^3}} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {3}\,x\,\sqrt {1-x^3}\,{{}}_2{\mathrm {F}}_1\left (\frac {1}{3},\frac {1}{2};\ \frac {4}{3};\ x^3\right )}{\sqrt {x^3-1}}-\frac {6\,\sqrt {-\frac {x+\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}{-\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}}\,\sqrt {\frac {x+\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}}\,\sqrt {-\frac {x-1}{\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}}\,\mathrm {E}\left (\mathrm {asin}\left (\sqrt {-\frac {x-1}{\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}}\right )\middle |-\frac {\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}{-\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}\right )}{\sqrt {x^3+\left (-\left (-\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )-1\right )\,x+\left (-\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )}}+\frac {6\,\sqrt {-\frac {x+\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}{-\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}}\,\sqrt {\frac {x+\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}{\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}}\,\sqrt {-\frac {x-1}{\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}}\,\mathrm {F}\left (\mathrm {asin}\left (\sqrt {-\frac {x-1}{\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}}\right )\middle |-\frac {\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}{-\frac {3}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}}\right )}{\sqrt {x^3+\left (-\left (-\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )-1\right )\,x+\left (-\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )}} \]
(3^(1/2)*x*(1 - x^3)^(1/2)*hypergeom([1/3, 1/2], 4/3, x^3))/(x^3 - 1)^(1/2 ) - (6*(-(x - (3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 1/2)/((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 - 3/2))^(1/2)*((x + (3 ^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 1/2)/((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 3/2))^(1/2)*(-(x - 1)/((3^(1/2)*1i)/ 2 + 3/2))^(1/2)*ellipticE(asin((-(x - 1)/((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 3/2))^(1/2)), - ((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 3/2)/((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 - 3/2)))/(((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 - 1/2)*(( 3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 1/2) - x*(((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 - 1/2)*((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 1/2) + 1) + x^3)^(1/2) + (6*(-(x - (3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 1/2)/((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 - 3/2))^ (1/2)*((x + (3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 1/2)/((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 3/2))^(1/2)*(-(x - 1)/ ((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 3/2))^(1/2)*ellipticF(asin((-(x - 1)/((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 3 /2))^(1/2)), -((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 3/2)/((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 - 3/2)))/(((3^(1/2)*1 i)/2 - 1/2)*((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 + 1/2) - x*(((3^(1/2)*1i)/2 - 1/2)*((3^(1/2)*1 i)/2 + 1/2) + 1) + x^3)^(1/2)